**What is eCall?**
eCall is an automated emergency call system designed to improve road safety by enabling vehicles to automatically contact emergency services in the event of a collision. When an accident occurs, the vehicle’s in-vehicle system (IVS) initiates an emergency call and sends critical information about the incident through a voice channel to a designated call center, known as a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP), which functions similarly to 110 emergency services in China.
The key components involved in this process include:
- **In-Vehicle System (IVS):** The internal system within the vehicle that detects accidents and triggers the eCall.
- **Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP):** The emergency service center that receives the call and coordinates rescue operations.
- **Minimum Set of Data (MSD):** A standardized set of data transmitted during an eCall, including location, time, number of passengers, license plate, and other essential details for emergency response.
While the current standard uses the voice channel to send this data, there are ongoing discussions about using the data channel as well, though no final agreement has been reached yet.
Once the eCall is initiated, the PSAP or third-party service provider (TPSP) can quickly dispatch emergency services based on the information received. This rapid response helps reduce casualties and improve the chances of survival for those involved in the accident.
In addition to the EU’s mandatory eCall requirement introduced in April 2018, countries like Russia have also implemented their own version called ERA-GLONASS, which is based on the GLONASS satellite navigation system and operates similarly to eCall.
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**What Are the eCall Test Standards?**
Currently, eCall standards vary by region, with the most prominent ones being the European eCall standard, the Russian ERA-GLONASS standard, and Japan’s own guidelines. These standards define how eCall systems should function, what data they should transmit, and how they should interact with emergency services.
There are two primary ways to initiate an eCall:
1. **Manual Trigger:** The driver or passenger manually presses the eCall button in the vehicle.
2. **Automatic Trigger:** Sensors in the vehicle detect a crash and automatically activate the eCall system.
When either method is used, the system transmits a message to the PSAP or TPSP, indicating whether the call was triggered manually or automatically.
The core data sent during an eCall is called the **Minimum Set of Data (MSD)**. This data includes essential details such as:
- Message identifier
- Reason for triggering the eCall (manual or automatic)
- Type of eCall (real or test)
- Vehicle type
- Unique vehicle identification
- Fuel type
- Timestamp
- GPS location (latitude and longitude)
- Location accuracy
- Direction of travel
- Historical location (optional)
- Number of passengers (optional)
The MSD is typically 140 bytes in size and is transmitted before the voice call is established. This ensures that the emergency center receives vital information immediately, even before speaking to the driver.
Some key features of MSD transmission include:
- The data is sent first, followed by the voice call.
- The call center can request the data again during the conversation.
- The phone is muted while the data is being sent.
- There are two modes: **Push Mode** (initiated by the IVS) and **Pull Mode** (initiated by the PSAP).
One of the main differences between eCall and regular emergency calls is that eCall is fully automated and requires a collision detection system. It not only dials the emergency services but also sends all necessary information instantly, ensuring faster and more effective emergency response.
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**eCall Standards**
There are two major eCall standards:
- **PAN-EUROPEAN (EU Standard):** Fully compliant with 3GPP standards, ensuring global compatibility and reliability.
- **ERA-GLONASS (Russian Standard):** Based on the GLONASS satellite system, it aligns with EU standards but has some variations, such as different redial mechanisms and additional optional data fields.
The EU standard is defined under several 3GPP technical specifications, including:
- **ETSI TS 126 267:** Defines the eCall system.
- **ETSI TS 126 268:** Covers the coding of eCall messages.
- **ETSI TS 126 269:** Specifies the certification process for eCall systems.
For the Russian ERA-GLONASS standard, several GOST documents outline the requirements, such as:
- **GOST 32450-2013:** Technical requirements for automotive navigation equipment.
- **GOST R 54721-2011:** Basic service description for road accident emergency response.
- **GOST R 54618-2011:** Electrical and environmental testing for eCall systems.
- **GOST R 54619-2011:** Data transfer protocol for eCall systems.
- **GOST R 54620-2011:** General technical requirements for eCall systems.
- **GOST R 55530-2013:** Testing methods for eCall functionality and data protocols.
- **GOST R 55533-2013:** Testing of wireless communication modules in eCall systems.
These standards ensure that eCall systems are reliable, secure, and capable of delivering life-saving information in real-time.
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