Common aircraft are usually divided into fixed wings, helicopters and multi-rotors (four rotors are the most mainstream). Before 2010, fixed-wing and helicopters basically occupied an absolute mainstream position in both aerial photography and aircraft model sports. At the end of 2012, China's Dajiang Company launched the four-rotor integrated machine - Phantom. Because this product has greatly reduced the difficulty and cost of aerial photography, it has won a large number of consumer groups and has become the best-selling product to date. In just two years, news about ideas, technologies, products, applications and investments related to multi-rotor aircraft emerged endlessly. At present, multi-rotor has become the mainstream of micro-miniature drones or aircraft models.
For the current multi-rotor products, it is generally divided into semi-autonomous control mode and full autonomous control mode. The semi-autonomous control mode means that the autopilot's control algorithm can maintain the attitude stability (or fixed point) of the multi-rotor aircraft, but the aircraft still needs to be remotely operated by personnel. In this control mode, the multi-rotor belongs to the model airplane. The fully autonomous control mode means that the autopilot's control algorithm can complete the position control and automatic take-off and landing of the multi-rotor aircraft route point to the waypoint. In this type of control, the multi-rotor belongs to the drone, and the ground personnel at this time perform task-level planning. As a drone, multi-rotor aircraft can be used as an "airborne robot " to perform complex air missions and carry various load tasks under unmanned conditions.
1. Why do drones prefer multiple rotors?
First, let's compare their user experience with current electric fixed wings, helicopters and multi-rotors:
In terms of handling, multi-rotor handling is the easiest.
It can take off and land vertically without the need for a runway, and can hover in the air after takeoff. Its control principle is simple, and the four remote sensing operations of the manipulator correspond to the movement of the aircraft in the front, back, left and right, up and down and yaw directions. In terms of autopilot, the multi-rotor autopilot control method is simple, and the controller parameter adjustment is also very simple. Relatively speaking, learning to fly with fixed wings and helicopters is not a simple matter. The fixed-wing flight site is required to be wide, and the inter-channel coupling occurs during the helicopter flight. The design of the autopilot controller is difficult and the controller adjustment is difficult.
In terms of reliability, the multi-rotor is also the best performer.
If only the reliability of the machine is considered, the multi-rotor has no moving parts, and its reliability basically depends on the reliability of the brushless motor, so the reliability is high. In comparison, fixed-wing and helicopters have moving mechanical joints that wear out during flight, resulting in reduced reliability. Moreover, the multi-rotor can hover, the flight range is controlled, and it is safer than the fixed wing.
In terms of serviceability, the multi-rotor's serviceability is the highest.
Because of its simple structure, if the motor, electronic governor, battery, paddle and frame are damaged, it is easy to replace. There are more fixed-wing and helicopter parts, and the installation requires skill, which is relatively troublesome.
In terms of endurance performance, the performance of the multi-rotor is significantly weaker than the other two, and its energy conversion efficiency is low.
In terms of load bearing performance, the multi-rotor is also the worst of the three.
For these three models, handling is related to aircraft structure and flight principles and is difficult to change. Multi-rotor always has an advantage in terms of reliability and serviceability. As battery energy density continues to increase, materials become lighter, and airborne equipment continues to be miniaturized, the advantages of multi-rotor will be further highlighted. Therefore, in the mass market, the “rigid†experience eventually led people to choose multiple rotors.
However, multi-rotor also has its own development bottleneck.
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