Electromagnetic stems are generated by sources of interference, an electromagnetic phenomenon that is external and detrimental to useful signals. The electromagnetic energy generated by the electromagnetic interference source is transmitted to the sensitive device through a certain transmission route, and the sensitive device exhibits some form of "response" to this, and produces the "effect" of the interference, the action process and the result thereof, For electromagnetic interference effects. In people's lives, electromagnetic interference effects are widespread and vary in form. If the interference effect is very serious and the equipment or system fails, resulting in a serious fault or accident, this is called an electromagnetic compatibility fault. Obviously, electromagnetic interference has become a huge obstacle that must be overcome on the road of modern electronic technology development. In order to ensure the normal operation of electronic systems or equipment, it is necessary to study electromagnetic interference, analyze and predict interference, limit the intensity of human interference, study effective technical means to suppress interference, improve anti-interference ability, and rationalize the electromagnetic environment.
Modern electronic products are becoming more and more powerful, electronic circuits are becoming more and more complex, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility issues have become major problems. Advanced computer-aided design (CAD) greatly expands the ability of circuit design in electronic circuit design, but it has limited help for electromagnetic compatibility design.
At present, EMC has basically set up corresponding market access certifications in various regions of the world to protect the electromagnetic environment of the region and the competitive advantages of local products. Such as: North American FCC, NEBC certification, EU CE certification, Japan's VCCEI certification, Australia's C-TICK certification, Taiwan's BSMI certification, China's 3C certification are all "passports" to enter these markets.
1 Electromagnetic compatibility problem
Electromagnetic compatibility design is actually designed to optimize the electromagnetic interference generated in electronic products, making it a product that meets the electromagnetic compatibility standards of various countries or regions. The definition of EMC is: in the same electromagnetic environment, the device can not work normally due to the interference of other devices, and does not affect the interference of other devices.
Typical electronic circuits are made up of resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, active devices, and wires. When a voltage is present in the circuit, an electric field is generated around all of the live components. When a current flows through the circuit, a magnetic field is present around all of the carrier fluid.
A capacitor is the most concentrated component of an electric field. The current flowing through the capacitor is the displacement current. This displacement current is due to the fact that the two plates of the capacitor are charged and an electric field is generated between the two plates. By the electric field induction, the two plates generate charge and discharge to form a displacement current. In fact, the current in the capacitor circuit does not actually flow through the capacitor, but only charges and discharges the capacitor. When the two plates of the capacitor are opened, the two plates can be regarded as a set of electric field radiating antennas, and the circuit between the two plates will induce an electric field between the plates. The circuit between the two plates is either closed or open. When the direction of the electric field changes continuously, a displacement current is generated in the conductor in the same direction as the electric field.
The electric field strength is defined as the potential gradient, that is, the ratio of the potential difference to the distance between two points. A wire that is several meters long, when it flows through a few amperes of current, the voltage across it is at most a few tenths of volts, that is, the electric field strength of several tens of millivolts per meter, which can generate several amps of current in the conductor. . It can be seen that the electric field is effective and its interference ability is strong.
Inductors and transformers are the most concentrated components of the magnetic field, and the current flowing through the secondary winding of the transformer is the induced current. This induced current is generated by magnetic induction when a current flows through the primary coil of the transformer. The circuit around the inductor and the transformer can be seen as an induction coil of a transformer. When the magnetic lines of force generated by the leakage inductance of the inductor and the transformer pass through a circuit, the circuit generates an induced current as a "secondary coil" of the transformer. The circuit of two adjacent loops can also regard one of the loops as the "primary coil" of the transformer, and the other loop can be regarded as the "secondary coil" of the transformer, so two adjacent loops are also produced. Electromagnetic induction, that is, mutual interference.
As long as an electric field or a magnetic field exists in the electronic circuit, electromagnetic interference occurs. In high-speed PCB and system design, high-frequency signal lines, integrated circuit pins, various types of connectors, etc. may become radiation interference sources with antenna characteristics, which can emit electromagnetic waves and affect other systems or other subsystems in the system. normal work.
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